Tembakau or bako or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a plant species in Solanaceae, grows from cultivation, genetics does not change but is phenotypically dependent on soil conditions, microclimate and the local environment that causes different types of leaves.
Utilization of tobacco trees especially on leaves containing nicotine (C10H14N2) for the manufacture of cigarettes and medical materials. The leaves are oval or round depending on the variety. Oval-shaped leaves have tapered ends, while rounded ones have blunt edges.
The bones are pinnate, the edges are slightly bumpy and slippery. The upper layer is the parenchyma palisade, the lower layer is spongy parenchyma and the whole is filled by layers of epidermal cells with stomata that are spread evenly.
The number of leaves in each plant is 28-32 strands. The size of the leaves varies greatly according to the conditions of the place of growth and variety, while the thickness and smoothness of the leaves is influenced by humidity.
Compound flowers in panicles, the crown is trumpet-shaped, the upper is pink or dark red that is cracked, while the lower is white. Prospective fruit is located on the base of the flower and has two enlarged spaces. The seeds are 1 cm and in 0.5 grams contain 6000 seeds.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Nicotianoideae
Genus: Nicotiana
Section: Nicotiana L. in Sp. Pl.: 180 (1753)
Species: Nicotiana tabacum L. in Sp. Pl.: 180 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Nicotiana florida Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton (1796)
Tabacum nicotianum Bercht. & Opiz in B.V.von Berchtold & P.M.Opiz, Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. 3 (1841)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Nicotiana alba Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 5 (1768)
Nicotiana alipes Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1 (1821)
Nicotiana angustifolia Mill. (1768)
Nicotiana angustifolia Ehrh. in Beitr. Naturk. Verw. Wiss. 5 (1790)
Nicotiana attenuata Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana auriculata Bertol. ex Moris in Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2(App.) (1828)
Nicotiana capensis E.Vilm. in Fl. Pleine Terre (1863)
Nicotiana caudata Nutt. in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4(Mar.-Apr.) (1848)
Nicotiana chinensis Fisch. ex Lehm. in Gen. Nicot. Hist. (1818)
Nicotiana crispula Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 2 (1841)
Nicotiana frutescens Lehm. (1818)
Nicotiana fruticosa Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1) (1852)
Nicotiana fruticosa L. in Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2 (1759)
Nicotiana fruticosa var. albiflora Schltdl. in Index Seminum (HAL, Halensis) 1839 (1839)
Nicotiana fruticosa var. angustifolia Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana gigantea Lehm. (1818)
Nicotiana gracilipes Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana guatemalensis E.Vilm. (1863)
Nicotiana havanensis Lehm. (1818)
Nicotiana lancifolia Willd. ex Lehm. (1818)
Nicotiana latissima Mill. (1768)
Nicotiana lehmannii C.Agardh ex Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana lingua Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana loxensis Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3 (1818)
Nicotiana macrophylla Spreng. in Index Pl. (1807)
Nicotiana marylandica Schübl. ex Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana mexicana Schltdl. in Index Seminum (HAL, Halensis) 1840 (1841)
Nicotiana mexicana var. rubriflora Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana nepalensis Link & Otto ex Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana pallescens Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana petiolaris Schltdl. ex Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana petiolata C.Agardh in Några ord Tobaks Förbättr. (1819)
Nicotiana pilosa Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana repanda Sims in Bot. Mag. 51 (1824)
Nicotiana sanguinea Link & Otto ex Dunal (1852)
Nicotiana sellowii Link & Otto ex Maxim. in Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1869 (1869)
Nicotiana serotina Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana tabaca St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7 (1880)
Nicotiana tabacum var. alata Alef. in Landw. Fl. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. alipes Schrank in Bot. Zeitung (Regensburg) 6 (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. amesfortensis Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. angustifolia Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. angustifolia Aiton in Hortus Kew. 1 (1789)
Nicotiana tabacum f. attenuata (Schrank) Regel in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 4(4) (1861)
Nicotiana tabacum var. attenuata Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. brasiliensis Comes in Atti Reale Ist. Incoragg. Napoli, ser. 5, 1(1) (1899)
Nicotiana tabacum var. bullosa Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. chinensis (Fisch. ex Lehm.) Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. cordata Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. decimalis Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. dinophylla Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. fruticosa (L.) Hook. in Bot. Mag. 102 (1876)
Nicotiana tabacum f. fruticosa (L.) Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1 (1894)
Nicotiana tabacum var. gigantea Wender. in Index Seminum (MB, Marburgensis) 1841 (1841)
Nicotiana tabacum var. goyanum Glaz. in Mém. Soc. Bot. France 3 (1911)
Nicotiana tabacum var. gracilipes Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. graeca Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. lanceolata Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. lancifolia (Willd. ex Lehm.) Comes (1899)
Nicotiana tabacum var. latior Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum convar. latissima Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. latissima (Mill.) Eichler in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1882 (1882)
Nicotiana tabacum var. lingua Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. loxensis Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891)
Nicotiana tabacum var. macrophylla (Spreng.) Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. nervosa Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. pallescens Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. pycnophylla Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. serotina Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. suffruticosa Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana tabacum var. undulata Sendtn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 10 (1846)
Nicotiana tabacum var. verdon Schrank (1807)
Nicotiana tabacum var. virginica (C.Agardh) Comes (1899)
Nicotiana tabacum convar. virginica Alef. (1866)
Nicotiana verdon Steud. (1821)
Nicotiana virginica C.Agardh in Några ord Tobaks Förbättr. (1819)
Nicotiana ybarrensis Kunth (1818)
Tabacum latissimum (Mill.) Bercht. & Opiz (1841)
Tabacum ovatofolium Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1 (1782)
PUBLICATIONS
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VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Tabak, tabakplant
Austria: Virginischer Tabak
Bonin English: Tabako
Cabécar: Duwa
Catalan: Tabaquera
Chinese (simplified): 烟草
Chinese (traditional): 煙草 - 煙 草
Costa Rica: Duwa
Czech: Tabák virginský
Dutch: Tabak
English: Cultivated tobacco, Tobacco, Domestic tobacco, Common tobacco
Estonian: Virgiinia tubakas, Vääristubakas
Finnish: Virginiantupakka
French: Tabac de Virginie, Tabac, Herbe à Nicot
German: Virginischer Tabak
Gullah: tuhbackuh
Hawaiian: paka
Hindi: Tambaku, Tamaak, Tamaku, Tabaku
Hiri Motu: kuku
Hong Kong: 煙 草
Hungarian: Virginiai dohány
Indonesia: Tembakau
Jamaican Patois: shag
Japanese: タバコ
Java: Bako
Kannada: Hogesoppu, Tambaaku
Karanga: Fodya
Korean: 담배
Lithuanian: Paprastasis tabakas
Madura: Bhâko
Malayalam: Pokala, Pukayila
Manipuri: Hidakmana
Marathi: Tambakhoo
Mizo: Vaihlo
Ngamiland West: Shoro
Ojibwe language area: Asemaa
Oria: Tamaku, Tambaku, Tamuk, Dukta
Palauan: Dekool
Polish: Tytoń szlachetny
Portuguese: Tabaco
Russian: Табак обыкновенный
Slovak: Tabak virgínsky
Spanish: Tabaco
Sunda: Bako
Swedish: Virginiatobak
Tamil: புைகையிலை - புழையிலை - புகையிலை Puigaiyilai, Puhaiyilai, Pukayilai
Telugu: Pokaku, Pogaku
Thai: ยาสูบ
Tsumkwe: Shoro
Aryo Bandoro
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