Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is plant species in Moraceae, monoecious, 10-30 m tall, 1 m diamater, cylindrical stems, all parts emit white sap and can interbreed with cempedak (A. integer) in the wild.
A. heterophyllus has a single leaf, scattered, stalk 1-4 cm, thick, stiff, flat edges, ovoid and elongated, 3.5-12x5-25 cm with a narrow base and short pointed tip. Leaves are ovate, sharp, 8 cm long, fall off easily and leave ring marks.
Flowers grow on the armpits of leaves on old stems or branches. The male flowers in the hump are spindle-shaped, 1-3x3-8 cm, deep green, yellow and fragrant pollen. Female flowers in single or paired heads, cylindrical or oval and dark green.
The fruit is in a spindle shape, uneven, 100 cm long, short and soft spines. The inside is yellow when ripe, fragrant and sweet. The seeds are oval, 2-4 cm long, covered by thin brown skin, hard whitish endocarp and soft exocarp.
Jackfruit will bear fruit throughout the year if it grows well in a tropical climate and rainfall is more than 1500 mm/year. Trees come from seeds and start flowering at 2-8 years, while clones start flowering after 2-4 years.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Artocarpeae
Genus: Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. in Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2.: 101 (1776)
Species: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. in Encycl. 3: 209 (1789)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Artocarpus integrifolius var. heterophyllus (Lam.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 2: 531 (1807)
Saccus heterophyllus (Lam.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 633 (1891)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Artocarpus brasiliensis Gomes in Observ. Bot.-Med. Nonnullis Bras. Pl. 2: 34 (1803)
Artocarpus grandis Linden ex Cazzuola & Nencioni in Coltiv. Piante Ornam., ed. 2: 222 (1889)
Artocarpus integrifolius var. glaber Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 331 (1812)
Artocarpus maximus Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 669 (1837)
Artocarpus nanca Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 7 (1790)
Artocarpus philippensis Lam. in Encycl. 3: 210 (1789)
Polyphema jaca Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 546 (1790)
PUBLICATIONS
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Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
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Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2012). Nova Silva Cusatlantica. Árboles natinos e introducidos de El Salvador. Parte 2: Angiospermae - Familias M a P y Pteridophyta. Englera 29-2: 1-300.
Berg, C.C., Corner, E.J.H. & Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Flora Malesiana 17(1): 1-154. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
Bosser, J., Cadet, T., Guého, J. & Marais, W. (eds.) (1985). Flore des Mascareignes 161-169: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.
Evenhuis, N.L. & Eldredge, L.G. (eds.) (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
Gardner, E.M. & Zerega, N.J.C. (2021). Taxonomic updates to Artocarpus subgenus Pseudojaca (Moraceae), with a particular focus on the taxa in Singapore. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 73: 309-374.
Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1983). Flora of Bhutan 1(1): 1-186. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.
Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. (1982). An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 3: 1-226. Trustees of British Museum, London.
Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
Pusalkar, P.K., Mao, A.A. & Inge, P. (eds.) (2022). Flora of India 24: 1-688. Botanical Survey of India.
Velayos, M., Barberá, P., Cabezas, F.J., de la Estrella, M., Fero, M. & Aedo, C. (2014). Checklist of the vascular plants of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea). Phytotaxa 171: 1-78.
Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2003). Flora of China 5: 1-505. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Nangkaboom
Angami: Thatchu
Bengali: কাঁঠাল Kathal
Burmese: ပီနိုင်း Peignai
Chinese (simplified): 菠萝蜜 - 波罗蜜 - 大树菠萝
Chinese (traditional): 大樹菠蘿 - 木波羅 - 菠蘿蜜 - 波羅蜜
Czech: Chlebovník různolistý
Danish: Jackfrugt
Dutch: Nangka, Jackfruit
English: Nangka, Jackfruit, Jakfruit, Jack-fruit, Jack fruit, Jackfruit tree
Filipino: Nangka, Langka
Finnish: Intianleipäpuu
French: Jacquier
German: Jackfruchtbaum
Guangdong: 大樹菠蘿 - 木波羅 - 菠蘿蜜
Hebrew: ארטוקרפוס שונה-עלים
Hindi: Katahal, Kathal, Kat-hal, Panas, Puta-phal, Poog, Sadaphal
Hong Kong: 大樹菠蘿 - 木波羅 - 菠蘿蜜
Hungarian: Jákafa
Indonesian: Nangka
Japanese: パラミツ - ジャックフルーツ
Java: Nongko
Kannada: Halasu, Halsande, Halase hannu
Khasi: Dieng sohphan
Khmer: ខ្ណាអូរ Khnaôr
Kuki: Lamphong
Lao: ມິອິດ - ມິອິດ ຮນັງ Miiz, Miiz hnang
Latvian: Džefrūts
Lithuanian: Stambusis duonmedis
Lushai: La-ui, Lâm-khuang
Macao: 大樹菠蘿 - 木波羅 - 菠蘿蜜
Malayalam: Chakka maram, Pilavu, Plavu, Kottachakka (Malayalam)
Malaysia: Nangka
Manipuri: Theibong
Marathi: Phanas
Mizo: Lamkhuang
Nepali: कटहर Katahar
Oria: Panasa
Oriya: Panas
Palauan: Baramits
Pali: Panasa
PNG: Kapiak
Polish: Chlebowiec różnolistny
Portuguese: Jaca, Jaqueira
Russian: Джекфрут - Индийское хлебное дерево
Sanskrit: Panasah
Slovak: Chlebovník rôznolistý
Spanish: Yaca, Jaca, Buenpan
Swahili: Fenesi, Mafenesi
Tagalog: Nangka, Langka
Taiwan: 大樹菠蘿 - 木波羅 - 菠蘿蜜 - 波羅蜜
Tamil: பலா Palaa
Telugu: Panasa
Thai: ขนุน
Ukrainian: Джекфрут
Vietnam: Mít
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