Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is a species of plant in the Malvaceae, an annual shrub, up to 2-5 meters high, 1-3 meters wide, stems are cylindrical and brown in color, young stems and twigs are blackish.
H. rosa-sinensis has oval-shaped leaves, up to 16 cm long, up to 10 cm wide, serrated margins, dark green, shiny and solitary. Leaves have stalks up to 6 cm long.
The plant has a variety of cultivars and hybrids including single or double flowers that are white, yellow, orange and red. Flowers come all year long, large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, five petals with a diameter of 4-18 cm and anthers red orange.
Chinese hibiscus includes dicotyledonous, solitary, complete and perfect, has superior ovaries, regular symmetry and axillary placentation, 5 carpels, 5 loci, 5 sepals and varying amounts of stamens. The base of the flower is green petals and the pointed tip of the petals is sepals.
The male and female parts of the same flower. The five hairy red spots at the top of the flower are the stigmas in which pollen is collected. The ovary is located at the bottom of the flower. The male part consists of stem-like filaments and each filament ends with pollen-producing anther. Anthers sit on filaments and these two organs form hundreds of stamens.
This species grows well at elevations of 0-1300 meters, open places, sufficient sunlight, temperature 22-32C, sandy clay, loose, containing humus, good drainage, air humidity 50-90% and rainfall 1500-2500 mm/year.
Plants contain flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, cyanidine-diglucoside, hibisetin, saponins, ca-oxalate, cardiac glycosides, taraxeryl acetate, peroxidase. Often used as a medicine for diabetes mellitus, laxative, antihypertension, anticancer, antidiarrhea, antiinfertility, kidney disorders, increasing sexual desire, treating menstrual disorders, fever, healing wounds, fever, tuberculosis.
This flower is used in hair care, shoe polish and can be used as a pH indicator where an acidic solution makes the flowers turn pink, dark or magenta. Flowers extracted for cosmetics, skin care and anti-solar agents.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Malvoideae
Tribe: Hibisceae
Genus: Hibiscus L. in Sp. Pl.: 693 (1753)
Species: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. in Sp. Pl.: 694 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Hibiscus × festalis Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 383 (1796)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. genuinus Hochr. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 134 (1900)
Hibiscus × rosiflorus Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 543 (1812)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Hibiscus × androphoropetaloides Pancher in G.H.Cuzent, Tahiti: 228 (1860)
Hibiscus × arnottii Griff. ex Mast. in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 344 (1874)
Hibiscus × carminata-perfecta W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 68: 14 (1872)
Hibiscus × colleri Anon. in Fl. Mag. (London), n.s., 1876: t. 214 (1876)
Hibiscus × fulgens W.H.Baxter in J.C.Loudon, Suppl. Loudon's Hort. Brit.: 563 (1850)
Hibiscus × fulgidus W.Bull in Gard. Chron. 1873: 606 (1873)
Hibiscus × javanicus Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 7 (1768)
Hibiscus × metallicus B.S.Williams in Nursery Cat. (B.S.Williams) 1869(Spring): 27 (1869)
Hibiscus × miniatus-semiplenus W.Bull (1872)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis albo-pleno J.Harrison in Floric. Cab. & Florist's Mag. 25: 23 (1856)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis albovariegatus Meehan in Gard. Monthly & Hort. 20: 38 (1878)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis aurantia-pleno J.Harrison (1856)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis carminata-perfecta Meehan (1878)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. carneoplenus Sweet in Sweet's Hort. Brit.: 51 (1826)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis colleri Van Houtte in Nursery Cat. (Louis van Houtte) 177: Suppl. (1878-1879 publ. 1878)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. flavoplenus Sweet (1826)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis flavus G.Lodd. in Bot. Cab. 6: t. 513 (1822)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. flore-pleno Seem. in Fl. Vit.: 17 (1873)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. fulgidus (W.Bull) W.Bull in Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 199: 52 (1884)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. kermesinus W.Bull in Gard. Chron., n.s., 1: 532 (1874)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. lucien-lindenii N.E.Br. in Ill. Hort. 29: 15 (1882)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. luteoplenus Sweet (1826)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. magnificus Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83: 16 (1882)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis miniata-semiplenus Meehan (1878)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. rubroplenus Sweet (1826)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. variegatus Sweet (1826)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. vivicans W.Bull (1884)
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis var. zebrinus Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 78: 15 (1879)
Hibiscus × rosiflorus var. plenus Stokes (1812)
Hibiscus × rosiflorus var. simplex Stokes (1812)
Hibiscus sinensis grandiflorus Hovey in Nursery Cat. (Hovey & co.) 1882: 35 (1882)
Hibiscus × tricolor Dehnh. in Cat. Horti Camald., ed. 2: 20 (1832)
Hibiscus × vivicans W.Bull in Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 619 (1875)
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VERNACULAR NAME
Aceh: Bungong roja
Bali: Waribang
Bugis: Bunga bisu
Cebuano: Gumamela
Chinese (simplified): 朱槿 - 大红花 - 扶桑
Chinese (traditional): 朱槿 - 大紅花 - 扶桑
Cook Island Maori: Kaute, Kaute ‘Enua, Kaute ‘Enua
English: Tricolor hibiscus, Red hibiscus, Tropical hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, Shoeblackplant
Filipino: Gumamela, Antolangan, Kayanga
French: Hibiscus Rose de Chine, Rose de chine
German: Zimmer-Hibiskus, Roseneibisch, Chinesischer Roseneibisch
Gorontalo: Ulange
Hindi: गुरहल - तिरंगा गुड़हल - गुड़हल - जसत - जसम - मंदार Gurhal, Tiranga gudahal, Gudahal, Jasat, Jasam, Mandar
Indonesian: Kembang sepatu, Bunga sepatu, Bunga raya, Uribang
Italian: Ibisco rosa della Cina, Ibisco rosa-cinese
Japanese: ハイビスカス - ブッソウゲ - 仏桑花
Java: Wora-wari, Wara-wiri
Kannada: Dasavala, Daasaala
Khmer: ផ្កា Dok mai
Konkani: Dosni Phool
Lao: ກົກດອກມາຍຊີອີ Kokdok may chiey
Malayalam: Chemparati, Chembarathi, Ayamparathi
Manipuri: Juba kusum athonba
Marathi: Jaswand, Jaswan, Jasund, Jasud
Mizo: Midumpangpar, Nuhlupi
Nepali: जपा कुसुम - रक्ता पुष्पी - बहरमासे फूल - जाप पुष्पी Japaa Kusum, Rakta Pushpee, Baahramaase Phool, Japa Pushpee
Nias: Soma-soma
Oria: Mondoro
Palauan: Bussonge
PNG: Wavu wavu, Banban, Hangarou
Portuguese: Hibisco, Malvão, Mimo-de-vênus, Lanterna
Romanian: Trandafir japonez, Trandafir chinezesc
Sanskrit: Japaa, Javaa, jasumi
Sinhala: ත්රිවර්ණ හිබිස්කා - සෙම්පරුට්ටි Trivarṇa hibiskas, Semparuṭṭi
Spanish: Rosa china, Rosa de China, Cayena, Cayeno, Clavelón, Cucarda, Gallarde, San Joaquín, Hibisco, Tulipán moteado
Sunda: Kembang wera
Tagalog: Antolangan, Gumamela, Tapalonga
Tamil: செம்பருத்தி Cemparutti
Telugu: Mandaram, Mandara, Java pushpamu, Dasara, Dasanamu
Tidore: Bala bunga
Aryo Bandoro
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