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Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

Dlium Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a plant species in Euphorbiaceae, a tree height of 15-25 m, but in the wild up to 43 m, a large trunk, grows straight and has a high branching above. The stem of this plant contains milk sap which is extracted as the main source of natural rubber.

H. brasiliensis has a cylindrical rod, brown and the inner skin secretes latex if injured. The leaves have three leaflets, arranged in a spiral, elliptical, elongated with a tapered tip, flat edge and bare. The main leaf stalk has a length of 3-20 cm and a minor leaf stalk for 3-10 cm.









Male and female flowers are separate, yellowish and have no petals. The fruit is a capsule that contains three and six seeds according to the amount of space, blackish brown with typical patterned spots and explosively open when ripe.

Rubber trees need a tropical or subtropical climate with a minimum rainfall of 1,200 mm per year and no frost. Tapping is one of the main activities of exploitation of this plant by opening the latex vessels in the bark of the tree so that it can flow quickly.

Latex flow velocity will decrease if the dose of latex liquid on the skin decreases. Rubber skin with a height of 260 cm from the ground surface is a tapping area for income over a period of about 30 years. Tapping must be done carefully so as not to damage the skin and rubber production will be maintained.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Heveae
Genus: Hevea Aubl. in Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 871 (1775)
Species: Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. in Linnaea 34: 204 (1865)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Siphonia brasiliensis Willd. ex A.Juss. in Euphorb. Gen.: t. 12 (1824)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Hevea brasiliensis f. acreana (Ule) Ducke in Bol. Técn. Inst. Agron. N. 10: 23 (1946)
Hevea brasiliensis var. acreana Ule in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 114: 14 (1914)
Hevea brasiliensis var. angustifolia Ule ex Huber in Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 3: 350 (1902)
Hevea brasiliensis f. angustifolia (Ule ex Huber) Ule in Tropenpflanzer Beih. 6: 8 (1905)
Hevea brasiliensis monstr. granthamii Barth in Bot. Gaz. 84: 200 (1927)
Hevea brasiliensis var. janeirensis (Müll.Arg.) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147(Heft 42): 121 (1910)
Hevea brasiliensis var. latifolia Ule ex Huber (1902)
Hevea brasiliensis f. latifolia (Ule ex Huber) Ule (1905)
Hevea brasiliensis f. randiana (Huber) Ducke in Arq. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 224 (1935)
Hevea brasiliensis var. randiana (Huber) Pax (1910)
Hevea brasiliensis var. stylosa Huber in Bol. Mus. Goeldi Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 4: 640 (1906)
Hevea granthamii Bartlett in Bot. Gaz. 84: 200 (1927)
Hevea janeirensis Müll.Arg. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 11(2): 706 (1874)
Hevea randiana Huber (1906)
Hevea sieberi Warb. in Kaoutschukpflanzen: 33 (1900)
Siphonia janeirensis (Müll.Arg.) O.F.Cook in J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 31: 61 (1941)
Siphonia ridleyana O.F.Cook (1941)

PUBLICATIONS

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.

Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.

Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.

Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.

Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.

Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera & C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2010). Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Catalogue-flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo). Taxonomania. Revue de Taxonomie et de Nomenclature Botaniques 30: 1-307.

Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Sam, H.V. & Van Welzen, P.C. (2004). Revision of Annesijoa, Elateriospermum and the Introduced species of Hevea in Malesia (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 49: 425-440.

Smith, A.C. (1981). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 2: 1-810. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.

Takeuchi, W. (2005). Floristic notes from a holocene successional environment in Papuasia. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 95-116.

Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

VERNACULAR NAME

Bali: Wit karet
Batak: Goje
Chinese (simplified): 三叶橡胶树
Chinese (traditional): 巴西橡膠樹
Czech: Kaučukovník brazilský
Dutch: Braziliaanse rubberboom
English: Rubber tree, Para rubber tree, Natural rubber
Finnish: Parakautsupuu, Kumipuu
French: Arbre à caoutchouc, Hévéa
Hawaii: Lāʻau laholio
Hindi: रबर का पेड़ - पैरा Rabar ka ped, Paira
Indonesian: Para, Karet, Pohon karet, Karet getah, Goje, Poro
Italian: Albero della gomma
Japanese: パラゴムノキ
Java: Poro, Wit karet
Khmer: កូស៊ូ Kausuu
Lao: ຈ່າງ Jaang
Malaysia: Getah asli
Melayu: Pokok Getah, Hevea, Pokok Getah Para
Polish: Kauczukowiec brazylijski
Portuguese: Árvore-da-borracha, Cau-chu, Seringa, Seringa-verdadeira, Seringueira, Seringueira-branca, Seringueira-preta, Seringueira-rosada
Russian: Гевея бразильская
Slovak: Kaučukovník brazílsky
Spanish: Árbol de hule, Árbol del caucho
Sumatera: Para
Taiwan: 巴西橡膠樹
Thai: หยางฟารา - ยางพารา
Vietnam: Cao su

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