Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a plant species in Araceae, 0.4 to 1.5 m high, has no stem and is not woody, waxy leaves, important tuber producers where corm that grows underground is a source of carbohydrates and cultivated since ancient times.
C. esculenta has 2-5 leaves with green stems, dark green or purplish stripes, 23-150 cm long and the base is a midrib. Leaves have a size of 6.60x7.53 cm, round eggs, oval with tapered ends, sometimes purplish in color around the stalks, waxy and rounded base.
The flower comes in the cob on the armpit of the leaf and has a stem for a length of 15-60 cm. The sheath has a length of 10-30 cm consisting of two parts where the top is longer, yellow orange and fall out. Male cob is yellow, fruit is green and 0.5 cm in diameter. Bobbin-shaped seeds and grooved longitudinally.
Taro is grown for tubers as an important source of carbohydrates. However, these tubers contain itchy sap, so they must be cooked before consuming them. Tubers can be processed by steaming, boiling, baking, frying, or processed into flour, porridge, cakes, pasta and fermented to produce pudding.
Taro has a sweet, spicy and neutral taste. Bulbs, leaves and petioles contain flour, villose, polyphenols and saponins. Tubers are used for anti-inflammation and reduce swelling. The leaves and stems are astringent.
TAXON
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Tracheophyta
Subphylum Angiospermae
Class Liliopsida
Order Alismatales
Family Araceae
Subfamily Aroideae Tribe Colocasieae
Genus Colocasia Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher, Melet. Bot.: 18 (1832)
Species: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher, Melet. Bot.: 18 (1832)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Arum esculentum L. in Sp. Pl.: 965 (1753)
Caladium esculentum (L.) Vent. in Descr. Pl. Nouv.: t. 30 (1801)
Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (L.) Schott in Syn. Aroid.: 41 (1856)
Colocasia esculenta var. typica A.F.Hill in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 7: 116 (1939)
Leucocasia esculenta (L.) Nakai in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 127 (1952)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Alocasia dussii Dammer in Gartenflora 1892: 312 (1892)
Alocasia illustris W.Bull in Gard. Chron. 1873: 606 (1873)
Aron colocasium (L.) St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 119 (1880)
Arum chinense L. in Amoen. Acad. 4: 234 (1759)
Arum colocasia L. (1753)
Arum colocasioides Desf. in Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 7 (1829)
Arum lividum Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 260 (1796)
Arum nymphaeifolium (Vent.) Roxb. in Hort. Bengal.: 65 (1814)
Arum peltatum Lam. in Encycl. 3: 13 (1789)
Caladium acre R.Br. in Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.: 336 (1810)
Caladium antiquorum (Schott) André in Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 113 (1866)
Caladium atrovirens André (1866)
Caladium colocasia (L.) W.Wight in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 206 (1905)
Caladium colocasioides (Desf.) Brongn. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: 156 (1834)
Caladium divaricatum André (1866)
Caladium esculentum bataviensis Hovey in Nursery Cat. (Hovey & co.) 1882: 22 (1882)
Caladium glycyrrhizum Fraser in Bot. Misc. 1: 259 (1830)
Caladium nigrescens André (1866)
Caladium nymphaeifolium Vent. (1801)
Caladium parimaense André (1866)
Caladium violaceum Engl. in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 2: 492 (1879)
Caladium violaceum Desf. (1829)
Caladium violaceum var. alboviolaceum André (1866)
Calla gaby Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 659 (1837)
Colocasia acris (R.Br.) Schott (1832)
Colocasia aegyptiaca Samp. in Herb. Port., Ap. 2: 3 (1914)
Colocasia antiquorum Schott (1832)
Colocasia antiquorum var. acris (R.Br.) Schott (1856)
Colocasia antiquorum f. acuatica Makino in J. Jap. Bot. 3: 15 (1926)
Colocasia antiquorum f. eguimo Makino (1926)
Colocasia antiquorum var. euchlora (K.Koch & Linden) Schott (1856)
Colocasia antiquorum var. globulifera Engl. & K.Krause in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 23E(Heft 71): 68 (1920)
Colocasia antiquorum var. illustris (W.Bull) Engl. (1879)
Colocasia antiquorum var. multifolia Makino in J. Jap. Bot. 1: 4 (1916)
Colocasia antiquorum var. nymphaeifolia (Vent.) Engl. (1879)
Colocasia antiquorum f. oyasetage Makino (1926)
Colocasia antiquorum var. patens Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3. 4: 1253 (1912)
Colocasia antiquorum f. purpurea Makino (1926)
Colocasia antiquorum var. rosea Makino (1912)
Colocasia antiquorum var. rupicola Haines in Bot. Bihar Orissa 5: 867 (1924)
Colocasia antiquorum var. stolonifera Haines (1924)
Colocasia antiquorum var. typica Engl. (1879)
Colocasia antiquorum f. yamamotoi Makino (1926)
Colocasia colocasia (L.) Huth in Helios 11: 134 (1893)
Colocasia esculenta var. acris (R.Br.) A.F.Hill (1939)
Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (Schott) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder in Bot. Mus. Leafl. 1(1): 5 (1932)
Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis Hassk. in Pl. Jav. Rar.: 150 (1840)
Colocasia esculenta f. ebiimo Makino in Pract. Hort. 16(10): 996 (1940)
Colocasia esculenta var. euchlora (K.Koch & Linden) A.F.Hill (1939)
Colocasia esculenta var. globulifera (Engl. & K.Krause) R.A.Young in Bull. U.S.D.A. (1895-1901) 1924: 1247 (1924)
Colocasia esculenta var. illustris (W.Bull) A.F.Hill (1939)
Colocasia esculenta var. nymphaeifolia (Vent.) A.F.Hill (1939)
Colocasia esculenta f. rotundifolia Makino (1940)
Colocasia esculenta var. rupicola (Haines) H.B.Naithani in Fl. Pl. India: 454 (1990)
Colocasia esculenta var. stolonifera (Haines) H.B.Naithani (1990)
Colocasia euchlora K.Koch & Linden in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1854(App.): 4 (1855)
Colocasia formosana Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 133 (1919)
Colocasia gracilis Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 185 (1880)
Colocasia himalensis Royle in Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 407 (1840)
Colocasia konishii Hayata (1919)
Colocasia neocaledonica Van Houtte in Nursery Cat. (Louis van Houtte) 1885: ? (1885)
Colocasia nymphaeifolia (Vent.) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 37 (1841)
Colocasia peltata (Lam.) Samp. in Herb. Port.: 12 (1913)
Colocasia tonoimo Nakai in Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3: 231 (1940)
Colocasia vera Hassk. in Flora 25(2 Beibl. 1): 81 (1842)
Colocasia violacea (Desf.) Anon. in Bot. Mag. 126: t. 7732 (1900)
Colocasia vulgaris Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 65 (1837)
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VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Olifantsoor
Angami: Dzuboun, Dzuno, Dzunuo
Arabic: كولكاس Colcas
Assamese: Bon kachu, Pani kachu
Bali: Talĕs, Kladi
Bantu: Madumbe
Batak: Talé, Kĕladi, Sukat, Suhat, Seuhat, Suwat
Bengali: বানাকোচু - জংলি কচু - কচু - আলতি কচু Banakochu, Jongli kochu, Kachu, Alti kachu
Bhojpuri: Arui, Kanda
Biak: Ifen
Bunun: Tai
Chinese (simplified): 野芋 - 紫芋 - 芋头 - 芋艿 - 莒
Chinese (traditional): 芋 - 紫芋 - 檳榔芋
Czech: Kolokázie jedlá
Danish: Elefantøre
Dayak: Talĕs, Kĕladi, Kujang, Luèh
English: Taro, Elephant-ear, Wild taro, Arum-lily potatoes, Cocoyam, Old cocoyam, Donkey's ear, Native cabbage, Green taro, Aivi, Dasheen, Eddoe.
Fijian: Talos
Filipino: Gabi, Abalong, Natong
Finnish: Vihannestaaro
French: Taro, Dachine, Songe blanc, Songe Caraïbe, Songe gris, Songe noir
German: Taro
Greek: Κολοκασία η Εδώδιμος
Guangdong: 芋
Gujarati: Alavi
Hawaiian: Kalo
Hindi: अरबी - अरुवी - बंदा - घुयान - कचलू - कच्छू - काला कच्छू - केचुक - मानक कंचू - नालिका - नलिता - नारी पात्रा - नारिच - पेचु - वन कचू - विश्व रोचन - वितंडा - कचलू - खुय्या - घुय्या - आर्वी Arabi, Aruwi, Banda, Ghuyan, Kachalu, Kachchu, Kala Kachchu, Kechuk, Manak Kanchu, Nalika, Nalita, Nari Patra, Narich, Pechu, Van Kachu, Vishva rochan, Vitanda, Kaccalu, Khuyya, Ghuyya, Arvi
Hong Kong: 芋
Indonesia: Talas, Talas loma, Bentul, Keladi
Japanese: サトイモ - アカメイモ - トウノイモ - 里芋 - ヤマサトイモ
Java: Tales, Janawari
Kannada: Kesavu, Kesa, Kesu, Save, Gadde), Kachi, Shamagadde
Khmer: ត្រាវ Traw
Konkani: Terem, Venti
Korean: 토란
Lampung: Talos, Kĕladi
Lao: ບອນ - ພູກ Bon, Phüak
Macao: 芋
Madura: Tales, Kaladi
Malayalam: Chembu, Seppankizhangu, Madantha, Chempakizhanna, Chemp,
Manam, Tal
Malaysia: Keladi, Keladi china, Birah keladi
Maltese: Għorgħar
Maluku: Inane, Inano, Inan, Ina wuu, Ronan, Kětu, Etu, Hakar, Wakal, Gwal
Manipuri: Pan
Marathi: Alu, Chamkara, Alem
Minang: Taléh, Kaladi, Kuladi
Mizo: Bâl, Dawl
Nepali: करकालो - गाभा - पिण्डालु Karkalo, Gaabhaaa, Pindaalu
Nias: Talö
North Maluku: Bètè, Ota, Dilago, Komo
North Sulawesi: Talé, Koladi, Kolai, Kolei, Korei, Kore
Odia: Jongal Saaru, kachu, Pechu, Saru
Oria: Saru, Bansaru
Palauan: Kukau
Papua: Omo, Uma, Warimu, Hèkérè, Sèkéré, Yéfam
PNG: Anega, Ba, Biloun
Polish: Kolokazja jadalna
Portuguese: Inhame, Inhame-Roxo, Cará-de-Lama
Punjabi: Gagli, Gawian, Kachalu
Russian: Таро - Колоказия съедобная
Samoan and Tongan: Talo
Sanskrit: Alupam. Aalukee, Dalasarini, Kachu, Kachvi, Kalakachu, Kemuka, Nadicha, Nadipattra, Nalita, Pechu, Shakata, Trutibija, Vanakachu, Vishvarochana, Vitanda
Sasak: Lomak
Shona: Madumbe
Sindhi: Kachalu
Slovak: Kolokázia jedlá
South Papua: Mber
South Sulawesi: Aladi, Suli, Kosi, Paco
Spanish: Malanga, Mafafa, Mafafa morada, Yautía coco
Sunda: Tales, Taleus, Bolang
Swati: Amadumbe
Swedish: Taro
Tahitian: Taro
Taiwan: 芋
Tamil: செம்பு - செம்பு - நிர்-சி-செம்பு - பெகுலம் - ஷமக்கிளங்கு - சபகிழங்கு Chempu, Sempu, Nir-c-cempu, Peculam, Shamakkilangu, Sapakizhangu
Tangkhul: Hangkorpai, Pai
Telugu: Chama, Chema, Chamadumpa, Chamagadda, Chamakura, Kaladi
Teso: Amayun
Thai: เผือก - บอนเขียว - บอนใบดำ
Timor: Lole, Ufi lole
Tulu: Ambuge, Chevu, Kesu, Thevul
Turkish: Gölevez
Urdu: ارووی - گھیان - کچالو - کچو - کیچوک - نلیکا - نلیتا - پیچو - ناریچ - وٹندا - بل Aruwi, Ghuyan, Kachalu, Kachchu, Kechuk, Nalika, Nalita, Pechu, Narich, Vitanda, Bul
Zulu: Idumbe
Aryo Bandoro
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