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Yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia)

Dlium Yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia)

Yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) is plant species in Apocynaceae, small tropical shrubs or small trees, poisonous but some bird species are known to eat fruit without adverse effects and are widely cultivated as ornamental plants.

C. thevetia has shiny green leaves, linear-lanceolate and covered with a waxy coating to reduce water loss. The green stems turn silver or gray with age, but the inside remains green and has a thin brown skin.





The flowers are long funnel shaped and yellow or white or red. Dark red fruit that encloses a large seed. Yellow oleander is drought resistant, tolerant of high temperatures, dry or barren soil and drought.

All parts of the plant are poisonous to most vertebrates because they contain glycosides. The main poisons are cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B, peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin, and ruvoside. Toxins are used in biological pest control. Seed oil is used for antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-termite properties.

Several species of birds are known to eat them without ill effects. Bright yellow flowers are used for religious purposes, especially in the worship of Hindu Shiva. Ginje is cultivated as an ornamental plant and is planted as a large flowering bush or small ornamental tree in gardens and parks.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Genus: Cascabela Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 162 (1838)
Species: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold in Feddes Repert. 91: 52 (1980)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cerbera thevetia L. in Sp. Pl.: 209 (1753)
Thevetia longifolia Vahl in J.W.Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn.: 243 (1813)
Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 343 (1844)
Thevetia thevetia (L.) H.Karst. in Deut. Fl.: 1035 (1883)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Cascabela peruviana (Pers.) Raf. (1838)
Cerbera linearifolia Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 490 (1812)
Cerbera peruviana Pers. in Syn. Pl. 1: 267 (1805)
Thevetia linearis Raf. (1838)
Thevetia neriifolia var. hirsuta Müll.Arg. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 6(1): 28 (1860)
Thevetia neriifolia var. leucantha Müll.Arg. (1860)
Thevetia neriifolia var. pubescens Müll.Arg. (1860)
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 159 (1895)
Thevetia peruviana f. aurantiaca H.St.John in Phytologia 34: 148 (1976)

PUBLICATIONS

Alvarado-Cárdenas, L.O. & Ocheterena, H. (2007). A phylogenetic analysis of the Cascabelia-Thevetia species complex (Plumerieae, Apocynaceae) based on morphology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94: 298-323.

Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.

Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.

Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia 41: 41-82.

Linares, J.L. (2003 publ. 2005). Lista comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la República de El Salvador. Ceiba; a Scientific and Technical Journal Published by Zamorano 44: 105-268.

Morales, J.F. (2009). Estudios en las Apocynaceae neotropicales XXXIX: revisión de las Apocynoideae y Rauvolfioideae de Honduras. Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 66: 217-262.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Sarmah, K.K. & Borthakur, S.K. (2009). A checklist of angiospermic plants of Manas national park in Assam, India. Pleione 3: 190-200.

Sauerbier, H., Cabrera Calixto, F. & Muer, T. (2023). Flora Vascular de Canarias: 1-1514. Turquesa.

Stevens, W.D., Ulloa U., C., Pool, A. & Montiel, O.M. (2001). Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.

Verloove, F. (2017). New xenophytes from the Canary islands (Gran Canaria and Tenerife; Spain). Acta Botanica Croatica 76: 120-131.

Welsh, S.L. (1998). Flora Societensis: 1-420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah.

VERNACULAR NAME

Afrikaans: Geel-oleander, Geeloleander
Arabic: دفلى صفراء
Assamese: Gos-Korobi, Halodhia Korobi, Konor, Konour, Onoru
Banyumas: Binje
Bawm: Khum-Ba-Rang-Zah
Bengali: কলকে ফুল Kolke Phul
Betawi: Ginje
Chinese (simplified): 黄花夹竹桃
Chinese (traditional): 黃花夾竹桃
Czech: Tevécie peruánská
Dogri: Peela Ganeehra, Zard Gandeela
Dutch: Gele oleander
English: Yellow oleander, Be-still tree, Lucky nut, Captain Cook tree
Filipino: Campanero, Campanilla
French: Bois lait, Arbre à lait, Oléandre jaune
Garo: Ceiling Bol
German: Gelber Oleander
Gujarati: Pili Karen, Piri Karen
Haryanvi: Peeli Kaner
Hebrew: תבטיה הרדופית
Hindi: পিলা কানের - পিলি কানের Pila kaner, Peeli kaner
Hong Kong: 黃花夾竹桃
Indonesian: Ginje, Polokiyo
Italian: Oleandro giallo
Java: Nagasari
Kachchhi: Piri Karen
Kannada: Haladi kanageli gida, Karaveera, Kaadu Kaasikanigalu
Konkani: Biti, Halduvi, Kanya
Lithuanian: Peruvinė tevecija
Macao: 黃花夾竹桃
Malayalam: Manja arali, Mathaarali, Pachchaarali
Malaysia: Tevetia peru
Manipuri: Utonglei
Marathi: Pivala Kanher
Nepali: पहेंलो करावीर Pahenlo Karaveer
Oceania: Captain Cook tree
Odia: Kaniara
Oria: Koniyari, Konyarphul, Holidia kannari, Pila kaner
Pahari: Peeli Kaner
Portuguese: Cerbera, Chapéu-de-napoleão, Acaimirim, Auaí-guaçu, Cerbera, Noz-de-cobra, Aguaí, Loandro-amarelo
Punjabi: Pili Kaner
Rajasthani: Pili Kaner
Rangpuri: Kalke
Russian: Тевеция перуанская
Sanskrit: Peeta karaveera
Santali: Berenjo
Sindhi: Zangi
Spanish: Venenillo, Chirca, Catapis, Adelfa amarilla, Cabalonga, Caballón
Swedish: Tevetia
Taiwan: 黃花夾竹桃
Tamil: அராலி - தங்கராலி - பொன்னரலி - திருவாச்சிப்பூ - சிமையலாரி - மஞ்சளலரி - தெலுங்கு - பச்சை கண்ணோரு - பச்சலரி - பச்சை கன்னேறு - பசுப்பு கொட்டால கன்னேறு - சுவர்ணா கன்னேறு Arali, Thangarali, Ponnarali, Thiruvaachipoo, Cimaiyalari, Manjalalari
Telugu: Pacha gannoru, Patchalari, Pachha ganneru, Pasupu gottala ganneru, Suvarna ganneru
Thai: รำเพย - แซ่นาวา - บ้านบุรี - รามโพอี
Tulu: Karaveero
Turkish: Peru Zakkumu
Ukrainian: Каскабела Теве

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