Common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) is a species of plant in Asteraceae, an annual shrub with erect stems, 10-125 cm high, hollow, five-angled, branched, dark green and sometimes with a reddish purple tinge, grows in full sun and tolerates mostly soil conditions.
S. oleraceus has leaves oblong, oblong-ovate or lyrate, base sagittate, basal auricles usually with a tooth obliquely pointing downwards, margins very acutely irregular dentate, teeth not pungent, apex acute or rarely rounded and glaucous on the lower surface.
Lowermost radical, more or less narrowed into a petiole, pinnatifidpinnati-partite with irregular, acutely aciculate-dentate lobes and often with a triangular or ovate acute terminal lobe. Peduncle 1-5 cm long.
The flowers are yellow or white, sitting on stalks at the ends of branches in irregular terminal panicles with main axes and lateral branches further forked and each axis ending in a flower or bud and having or not having hair.
Involucre 8-9 mm long. Phyllaries obtuse, glabrous or with very few gland-hairs. Corolla 1 cm long, light-yellow or white and sometimes tinged with purple. Fruitachene, 2.5-4 mm by 1 mm, brown, 3-ribbed on each face, wrinkled with narrow margins and compressed and obovoid in shape. Seedslight with white parachutes of silky hairs. Pappus 5-8 mm long.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Cichorioideae
Tribe: Cichorieae
Subtribe: Hyoseridinae
Genus: Sonchus L. in Sp. Pl.: 793 (1753)
Species: Sonchus oleraceus L. in Sp. Pl.: 794 (1753)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Carduus amplexicaulis Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 11 (1790)
Sonchus angustissimus Hook.f. in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 203 (1863)
Sonchus ciliatus Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2: 87 (1779)
Sonchus ciliatus var. subbipinnatifidus Guss. in Enum. Pl. Inarim.: 196 (1854)
Sonchus fabrae Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 28: 114 (1929)
Sonchus glaber Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 242 (1782)
Sonchus gracilis Phil. in Anales Univ. Chile 87: 325 (1894)
Sonchus gracilis Sennen in É.M.G.Sennen & H.Mauricio, Cat. Fl. Rif Orient.: 72 (1933)
Sonchus lacerus Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 3: 1513 (1803)
Sonchus laevis Vill. in Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3(1): 158 (1788)
Sonchus laevis Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd. 4: t. 564 (1764)
Sonchus longifolius Trevir. in Index Seminum (WROCL, Wratislaviensi) 1818: 6 (1818)
Sonchus macrotus Fenzl in Flora 27: 312 (1844)
Sonchus mairei H.Lév. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 284 (1913)
Sonchus maritimus Moc. & Sessé in Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 177 (1894)
Sonchus oleraceus var. angustifolius Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 419 (1821 publ. 1822)
Sonchus oleraceus subsp. angustissimus H.Lindb. in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2): 169 (1932)
Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Wallr. in Sched. Crit.: 432 (1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Gray (1821 publ. 1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus (Willd.) Wallr. (1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. laciniatus Gray (1821 publ. 1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. laevis L. in Sp. Pl.: 794 (1753)
Sonchus oleraceus var. latifolius Gray (1821 publ. 1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. litoralis P.D.Sell in Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 4: 532 (2006)
Sonchus oleraceus f. runcinatus Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 3: 417 (1904)
Sonchus oleraceus var. subrotundus Gray (1821 publ. 1822)
Sonchus oleraceus var. triangularis Wallr. (1822)
Sonchus pallescens Pančić in Elench. Pl. Vasc.: 55 (1875)
Sonchus parviflorus Lej. ex Rchb. in Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 274 (1831)
Sonchus plumieri Sessé & Moc. in Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 178 (1894)
Sonchus reversus E.Mey. ex DC. in Prodr. 7: 186 (1838)
Sonchus rivularis Phil. in Linnaea 30: 194 (1859)
Sonchus roseus Besser ex Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 3: 651 (1826)
Sonchus royleanus DC. (1838)
Sonchus runcinatus (Fiori) Zenari in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 31: 11 (1924)
Sonchus schimperi A.Braun & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1857(App.): 1 (1857)
Sonchus schmidianus K.Koch in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1853(App.): 12 (1853)
Sonchus spinulifolius Sennen (1933)
Sonchus subbipinnatifidus (Guss.) Zenari (1924)
Sonchus sundaicus Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 888 (1826)
Sonchus tenerrimus Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 371 (1866)
Sonchus umbellifer Thunb. in Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 139 (1800)
Sonchus zacinthoides DC. (1838)
PUBLICATIONS
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VERNACULAR NAME
Afrikaans: Sydissel, Melkdissel, Budjiekos, Pypdissel, Seidissel, Suidissel, Suigdissel, Tuin dissel, Tuindissel, Wilde latuw
Aranic: تفاف زيتي - جعضيض زيتي
Basque: Kardabera, Astaurraza
Belarusian: Асот агародны
Bulgarian: Обикновен кострец
Burmese: တန်ပူးယွမ် Taan puu ywm
Catalan: Lletsó
Chinese (simplified): 苦苣菜
Chinese (traditional): 苦苣菜 - 苦蕒菜 - 苦滇菜
Croatian: Obični ostak, Kostriš, Zeljasti ostak
Czech: Mléč zelinný
Danish: Almindelig svinemælk
Dutch: Gewone melkdistel
English: Common sow thistle, Smooth sow-thistle, Annual sowthistle, Sow thistle, Common sowthistle, Milk weed, Milk thistle, Annual sow-thistle, Soe thistle, Smooth sowthistle, Hare's colwort, Hare's thistle, Milky tassel, Soft thistle
Estonian: Harilik piimohakas
Filipino: Tempuyung
Finnish: Kaalivalvatti
French: Laiteron potager
German: Gemüse-Gänsedistel, Kohl-Gänsedistel, Gewöhnliche Gänsedistel
Greek: Ζώχος ο Λαχανώδης
Guangdong: 苦苣菜 - 苦蕒菜
Hawaiian: Pualele
Hebrew: מרור הגינות
Hindi: दूधी - दोदक - तितलियाँ Dudhi, Dodak, Titlia
Hong Kong: 苦苣菜 - 苦蕒菜
Hungarian: Szelíd csorbóka
Indonesia: Tempuyung, Lobak air
Irish: Bleachtán mín
Italian: Grespino comune, Cicerbita
Japanese: ノゲシ - ハルノノゲシ - ケシアザミ - チチグサ - ウマアザミ
Java: Lempung jombang
Kannada: Naayi hakkarike
Khmer: តេមពូយ៉ុង
Korean: 방가지똥
Lao: ເທັມ ພູ ຢຸງ Them pu yung
Lithuanian: Daržinė pienė
Macao: 苦苣菜 - 苦蕒菜
Malayalam: Varapputhannel
Malaysia: Tempuyung
Manipuri: Khomthokpi
Maori: Pororua, Puwha, Rauriki
Mapudungun: Ül'wiwaka
Mizo: Khuanglawi-suak
Ndebele: Ulimilwenkhomo
Nepali: दूधे काँडा - छोटे झर Dudhe Kaandaa, Chhote Jhaar
Norwegian: Haredylle
Pare: Mshunga, Msunga
Pashto: ډوډي Dudi
Pedi: Lesese
Polish: Mlecz zwyczajny
Portuguese: Serralha
Rajasthani: Aakadio
Russian: Осот огородный
Serbian: Обична горчика
Shona: Rurimirwemombe
Slovak: Mlieč zelinný
Slovenian: Navadna škrbinka
Sotho: Bono-sa-lekhoaba, Lesabe, Bono sa lekhoaba, Bono sa lekxwaba, Lesaba
Spanish: Cerraja, Achicoria europea, Cerrajón
Sunda: Lampenas, Galibug, Rayana
Swati: Idwingabane, Ingabe
Swedish: Kålmolke
Taiwan: 苦滇菜 - 苦蕒菜
Tamil: ஊசித்தகரை Oosithagarai
Telugu: Ratrinta
Thai: เทมปูยุง
Tswana: Sepanase
Turkish: Eşekgevreği, Sekmarulu, Kuzugevreği, Sütotu, Zoko
Ukrainian: Жовтий осот городній
United Kingdom: Smooth Sow-thistle
Urdu: دودھی Dudhi
Venda: shashe
Vietnam: Cây bông sữa
Welsh: Llaethysgallen lefn
Zulu: Idwangubane, Ihahabe, Xabexabe
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