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Palmgrass (Setaria palmifolia)

Dlium Palmgrass (Setaria palmifolia)

Palmgrass (Setaria palmifolia) is a plant species in Poaceae, a perennial grass with broad and leathery leaves, green, hairy, grows wild in the shade, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, some cultivars have striped leaves and purple midribs, stems are eaten after cooking.

S. palmifolia has a trunk that grows to 2-3 meters from a complex rhizome, 1 cm thick and hairy. Leaves are rarely completely hairy, blades linear, oval or lance-shaped, 60-80 cm long and 7-8 cm wide. Pointed tip, a bone in the middle, pleated texture and coarse or hairless hair.







The grain in panicles, yellowish green in color, opens and spreads, up to 80 cm long. Spikelets are several millimeters long but are often accompanied by hairs up to 1.5 cm long.

The grass is strong and spreads through rhizomes and seeds, forming monotypic stands. The broad leaves shade other vegetation. Cultivated as an ornamental plant for palm-like pleated leaves. It is also grown as a vegetable for stalks and grains are eaten as a substitute for rice.

TAXON

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria P.Beauv. in Ess. Agrostogr.: 51 (1812)
Species: Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42: 186 (1914)

HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS

Chaetochloa palmifolia (J.Koenig) Hitchc. & Chase in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 348 (1917)
Chamaeraphis palmifolia (J.Koenig) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 771 (1891)
Panicum palmifolium J.Koenig in Naturforscher (Halle) 23: 208 (1788)

HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS

Agrostis plicata Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 64 (1790)
Chaetochloa effusa (E.Fourn.) Hitchc. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 261 (1913)
Chaetochloa sulcata (Aubl.) Hitchc. (1913)
Chamaeraphis effusa (E.Fourn.) Kuntze (1891)
Chamaeraphis nepalensis (Spreng.) Kuntze (1891)
Chamaeraphis neurodes (Schult.) Kuntze (1891)
Chamaeraphis paniculifera (Steud.) Kuntze (1891)
Chamaeraphis sulcata (Aubl.) Kuntze (1891)
Panicum amplissimum Steud. in Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 54 (1853)
Panicum kleinianum Nees ex Andersson in W.G.Walpers, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 945 (1864)
Panicum lene Steud. (1853)
Panicum mexicanum Scribn. & Merr. in Bull. Div. Agrostol. U.S.D.A. 21: 40 (1900)
Panicum nepalense Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 321 (1824)
Panicum nervosum Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 1: 314 (1820)
Panicum neurodes Schult. in Mant. 2: 228 (1824)
Panicum neurodes var. amplissimum (Steud.) A.Braun in Index Seminum (B, Berolinensis) 1855(App.): 20 (1855)
Panicum neurodes var. conjungens A.Braun (1855)
Panicum neurodes var. kleinianum A.Braun (1855)
Panicum neurodes var. lene (Steud.) A.Braun (1855)
Panicum neurodes var. roxburghianum A.Braun (1855)
Panicum neurodes var. thwaitesii A.Braun (1855)
Panicum palmatum R.Schleich. in Möller's Deutsche Gärtn.-Zeitung 48: 351 (1933)
Panicum paniculiferum Steud. (1853)
Panicum plicatum Willd. in Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.: 1033 (1809)
Panicum plicatum Roxb. (1820)
Panicum plicatum var. haitiense Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I.: 547 (1864)
Panicum sulcatum Aubl. in Hist. Pl. Guiane: 50 (1775)
Setaria effusa E.Fourn. in Mexic. Pl. 2: 42 (1886)
Setaria lenis (Steud.) Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 468 (1857)
Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) E.Fourn. ex Hemsl. in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 3: 505 (1885)
Setaria sulcata (Aubl.) Desv. in Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire 1: 184 (1831)

PUBLICATIONS

Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

Ahmed, Z.U. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh 12: 1-505. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

Clayton, W.D. & Snow, N. (2010). A key to Pacific Grasses: 1-107. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. & Williamson, H. (2006). World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Cope, T.A. (1982). Flora of Pakistan 143: 1-678. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.

Dassanayake (ed.) (1994). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.

Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.

Dávila, P., Mejia-Saulés, M.T., Gómez-Sánchez, N., Valdés-Reyna, J., Ortíz, J.J., Morín, C., Castrejón, J. & Ocampo, A. (2006). Catálogo de las Gramíneas de México: 1-671. CONABIO, México city.

Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. (2010). Flora of New Zealand, ed. 2, 5: 1-650. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003). Flora of North America North of Mexico 25: 1-781. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.

Gilliland, H.B. (1971). A revised flora of Malaya 3: 1-319. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

Giraldo-Cañas, D. (2011). Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. Darwiniana 49: 139-247.

Hall, D.W. (2019). Grasses of Florida: 1-353. University press of Florida.

Henty, E.E. (1969). A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Division of Botany, Dpt. of Forests, LAE, New Guinea.

Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.

Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2020). Flora of Japan IVa: 1-430. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Kandwal, M.K. & Gupta, B.K. (2009). An update on grass flora of Uttarkhand. Indian Journal of Forestry 32: 657-668.

Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. (1989). Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

Koyama, T. (1987). Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions: an identification manual: 1-570. Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan.

Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590.

Menjívar Cruz, J.E., R.M. Baldini, G. Davidse & P.M. Peterson (2021). El Salvador grasses: An updated catalogue and nomenclator. Phytoneuron 2021-22: 1-131.

Middleton, D.J. & al. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Singapore 7: 1-525. Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Noltie, H.J. (2000). Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Orchard, A.E. (ed.) (1994). Oceanic Islands 1. Flora of Australia 49: 1-681. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Press, J.R. et al. (2000). Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal: i-x, 1-430. Natural History Museum, London.

Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.

Walker, E.H. (1976). Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., U.S.A.

Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2006). Poaceae. Flora of China 22: 1-733. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

VERNACULAR NAME

Bengali: তাল ঘাস Tal ghas
Bunun: Salavsavaz
Burmese: ထန်းပင်မြက် Htaann pain myaat
Chinese (simplified): 棕叶狗尾草
Chinese (traditional): 棕葉狗尾草 - 颱風草
English: Palm grass, Palmgrass, Broadleaved bristlegrass, Highland pitpit, Hailans pitpit, Short pitpit, Knotroot
Filipino: Damong palma, Agusais, Asahas, Lalasa
Hindi: ताड़ घास Taad ghas
Hong Kong: 颱風草
Indonesia: Rumput palem, Rumput bambu, Rumput sentean
Japan: ササキビ
Java: Luluwan kebo, Jamarak
Khmer: ស្មៅត្នោត Smaw tnaot
Lao: ຫຍ້າປາມ Ja pam
Lithuanian: Palminė šerytė
Macao: 颱風草
Madura: Jang-mejang-an, Mejangan
Malayalam: Nayurippullu
Malaysia: Lachang, Rumput palma
Melayu: Lachang
Mizo: Hnahhrat
Nepali: बांसपाते कागुनो, ताडको घाँस Baanspaate Kaaguno, Taḍako ghamsa
PNG: Pitpit, Leat, Kugla
Russian: Щетинник пальмолистный
Sinhala: තල් තණකොළ Tal taṇakoḷa
Spanish: Zacate plizadero
Sunda: Sauheun
Taiwan: 棕葉狗尾草
Tamil: பனை புல் Panai pul
Thai: หญ้าปาล์ม Hya pal̒m
Truku: Brang
Urdu: کھجور کی گھاس Khajur ki ghas
Vietnam: Cỏ cọ

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