Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a plant species in Rubiaceae, grows in lowlands to an elevation of 1500 m, trees as high as 3-8 m, white hump flowers, compound fruit, shiny green when young and has spots, white with black spots when ripe.
M. citrifolia has twisted stems, stiff branches, bark grayish brown or yellowish brown, and rectangular branches. The wood splits easily after drying and can be used for support for the pepper plant.
Thick leaves, sitting face to face in the shape of a lanceolate, 15-50 cm long, 5-17 cm wide. flat edges, short sharp edges, green and glossy top surface. The base is peg-shaped. A bone in the center with some pinnate veins and a light green color.
Compound flowers, fragrant, round hump, 1-4 cm stalk, grows in the axillary of the leaves and faces the leaves that grow normally. White crown, funnel-shaped and up to 1.5 cm long. Stamens stuck in the mouth of the crown. The pistil has two nipples. Blooms from petals and is shaped like a bunch.
Compound fruit, 7.5-10 cm in diameter, formed from the fruit that sticks together, the hump on the inside. Gradual development follows the process of flower expansion starting from the tip of the head to the base. The compound fruit surface is divided into mottled and warty polygonal segments that originate from the remainder of a single ovule.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Subfamily: Rubioideae
Tribe: Morindeae
Genus: Morinda L. in Sp. Pl.: 176 (1753)
Species: Morinda citrifolia L. in Sp. Pl.: 176 (1753)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Samama citrifolia (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 297 (1891)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Morinda citrifolia f. potteri (O.Deg.) H.St.John in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 482 (1984)
Morinda citrifolia var. potteri O.Deg. in Nat. S. Pac. Exped.: 296 (1949)
Morinda ligulata Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 105 (1845)
Morinda litoralis Blanco (1845)
Morinda macrophylla Desf. in Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 404 (1829)
Morinda mudia Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 536 (1822)
Morinda multiflora Roxb. in Fl. Ind. 2: 200 (1824)
Morinda nodosa Buch.-Ham. (1822)
Morinda quadrangularis G.Don in Gen. Hist. 3: 545 (1834)
Morinda teysmanniana Miq. in Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 244 (1857)
Morinda tinctoria Noronha in Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 20 (1790)
Morinda tinctoria var. multiflora (Roxb.) Hook.f. in Fl. Brit. India 3: 156 (1880)
Morinda zollingeriana Miq. (1857)
Platanocephalus orientalis Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 349 (1766)
Sarcocephalus leichhardtii F.Muell. in Essay Pl. Burdekin: 12 (1860)
PUBLICATIONS
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Beaman, J.H. & Anderson, C. (2004). The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 5: 1-609. Natural history publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Borhidi, A. (2006). Rubiáceas de México: 1-512. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Borhidi, A. (2012). Rubiáceas de México, ed. 2: 1-608. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Chamchumroon, V. & Puff, C. (2003). The Rubiaceae of Ko Chang, south-eastern Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 31: 13-26.
Cirilo, N. & Proctor, G.R. (1994). Vascular plants of the Caribbean Swan islands of Honduras. Brenesia 41-42: 73-80.
Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Mesoamericana 4(2): 1-533. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
Deb, D.B. & Gangopadhyay, M. (2025). Flora of India 14: 1-607. Botanical Survey of India.
Fosberg, F.R. & Sachet, M.-H. (1987). Flora of the Gilbert Island, Kiribati, Checklist. Atoll Research Bulletin 295: 1-33.
Friedmann, F. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. ORSTOM éditions.
Gardner, R.O. (2011). Trees and shrubs of Niue: an identification guide to the island's indigenous and naturalised woody plants: 1-244. R.O. Gardner, Auckland, New Zealand.
Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2014). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 7: 1-840. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
Mendoza, H., Ramirez P., B.R. & Jimenez, L.C. (2004). Rubiaceae de Colombia: guia ilustrada de generos: 1-351. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia.
Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.
Nurtjahya, E. & al. (2026). Flowering Plants of Bangka Island: Native and Introduced. Acta Botanica Hungarica 68: 127-156.
Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
Puff, C., Chayamarit, K., Chamchumroon, V. & Esser, H.-J. (2021). Flora of Thailand 15(1): 1-235. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
Smith, A.C. (1988). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 4: 1-377. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.
Turner, I.M., Xing, F. & Corlett, R.T. (2000). An annotated check-list of the vascular plants of the South China Sea and its shores. The Raffles bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. 8: 23-116.
Wester, L. (1985). Checklist of the vascular plants of the Northern Line Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 287: 1-38.
Wheatley, J.I. (1992). A guide to the common trees of Vanuatu. With lists of their traditional uses & ni-Vanuatu names: 1-308. Department of Forestry, Port Vila.
Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Woodroffe, C.D. (1985). Vegetation and flora of Nui Atoll, Tuvalu. Atoll Research Bulletin 283: 1-18.
Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1-884. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
van Proosdij, A.S.J. (2012). Arnoldo's Zakflora, ed. 4: 1-318. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.
VERNACULAR NAME
Aceh: Keumeudee
Australia: Rotten cheese fruit, Canary wood
Bali: Tibah
Bengali: নানি - হুরাডি - হুরদি Nani, Huraḍi, Hurdi
Betawi: Noni, Mengkudu
Burmese: အယ်လ် - အွန်ကွိုင်ကန် - အာအန် ကွိုင်း ကန် Al, Ungcoikan, Aaan kwine kaan
Chamorro: Lada
Chinese (simplified): 大巴戟 - 海滨木巴戟
Chinese (traditional): 檄樹 - 海巴戟天 - 諾麗果
Czech: Morinda citrolistá
Danish: Noni
English: Noni, Cheese Fruit, Rotten cheese fruit, Indian mulberry, Great morinda, Beach mulberry, Vomit fruit
Fiji: Kura
Filipino: Apatot, Bankoro, Tumbong-aso
Finnish: Noni
Flores: Keloré
French: Noni, Morindier, Nono, Pomme-chien
German: Nonibaum
Guam: Lada, Ladda
Gujarati: Surangi
Hawaii: Noni
Hindi: अच - अल - अक - सुरंगी - बारटुंडी Ach, Al, Ak, Surangi, Bartundi
Indonesia: Mengkudu, Pacel, Mengkoedoe, Mengkudi, Mengkudi Besar, Mengkudu besar, Menkudu
Japanese: ヤエヤマアオキ - ノニ
Java: Pace, Kemudu, Kudu, Bentis
Kannada: Sapanga, Maddi, Tagase maddi, Nunaa mara, Poppali, Gunaa mara, Taakote
Khmer: ស្រុកញ៉រ - ស្រុកញ៉រ Nhoër srôk, Nhoër thôm'
Kiribati: Non
Konkani: Bartondi
Lao: Nhoo baanz
Madura: Koddhu, Kodhuk, Pacè
Malayalam: Cherumanjanathi, Cerumanjjanaaththi, Kattapitalavam, Manjanathi, Mannapavatta
Malaysia: Bengkudu, Bengkudu daun besar, Bengkudu laki-laki, Mengkudu besar, Mengkudu jantan
Maluku: Noni
Manado: Noni
Marathi: Aal, Bartondi, Nagakunda
Melayu: Mengkudu
Micronesia: Nen, Weipwul, Ii, Mangalweg, Nopur
Nepali: आह Ach
Oria: Atsu, Achu, Pindra, Pindre
Palau: Kesengel, Lel, Ngel
Portuguese: Noni, Morinda
Russian: Моринда цитрусолистная
Samoa: Nonu, Noni, Nenu, Nano, Nonu atoni, Gogu atoni
Sanskrit: Achyuta, Akshikiphala, Noni
Singapore: Hai ba ji, Wu ning, Luo ling
Slovak: Morinda citrusolistá
Spanish: Fruta del diablo, Guanábana cimarrona, Mora de la India, Noni asiático
Sunda: Cangkudu
Tahiti: Nono
Taiwan: 檄樹
Tamil: மஞ்சனாரி - மஞ்சட்பாவட்டை - முஞ்சா பவட்டை - நுனா Manchanari, Manchatpavattai, Munja pavattay, Nuna
Telugu: Maddi, Maddi chekka, Molagha, Togaru, Togoda, Tagara, Mogali
Thai: ยอบ้าน
Tonga: Nonu
Turkish: Noni
Vietnamese: Nhàu, Nhàu Lớn, Nhàu Núi
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