White teak or Kashmir tree (Gmelina arborea) is a species of plant in the Lamiaceae, a large tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk, branched, hardwood, white bark, mainly used for the production of high quality wood.
G. arborea has heart-shaped leaves, length about 27 cm, width about 21 cm, margins flat, base flat, tip pointed, a large vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins, green on top and pale green underside and stalk length about 27 cm.
Flowering and fruiting every year. The fruit ripens in 1.5 months after flowering. The fruit is round, fleshy, 20-35 mm long, shiny skin, soft mesocarp, slightly sweet taste.
The seeds are very hard like stones, 16-25 mm long, smooth surface and green or yellow in color, one end is round, the other is pointed, 4 spaces, 1000 stone seeds weigh 400 grams.
TAXON
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Premnoideae
Genus: Gmelina L. in Sp. Pl.: 626 (1753)
Species: Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 16: n.° 4 (1810)
HOMOTYPIC SYNONYMS
Gmelina rheedei Hook. in Bot. Mag. 74: t. 4395 (1848)
HETEROTYPIC SYNONYMS
Gmelina arborea var. canescens Haines in Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur: 82 (1910)
Gmelina arborea f. dentata Moldenke in Phytologia 8: 14 (1961)
Gmelina arborea var. glaucescens C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 582 (1885)
Gmelina oblongifolia Roxb. in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 83 (1832)
Gmelina sinuata Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 128 (1822)
Premna arborea Roth in Nov. Pl. Sp.: 287 (1821)
PUBLICATIONS
Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Davidse, G. & al. (eds.) (2012). Flora Mesoamericana 4(2): 1-533. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Franck, A.R., Anderson, L.C., Burkhalter, J.R. & Dickman, S. (2016). Additions to the flora of Florida, U.S.A. (2010-2015). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 10: 175-190.
Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2015). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Volumen VIII. Dicotyledóneas (Sabiaceae-Zygophyllaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 131: 1-657. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2022). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 4: 1-522. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Smith, A.C. (1991). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 1-626. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
Sykes, W.R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands: 1-973. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.
de Kok, R. (2012). A revision of the genus Gmelina (Lamiaceae). Kew Bulletin 67: 293-329.
VERNACULAR NAME
Assamese: Gomari
Bengali: গাম্বার Gamar
Burmese: ယီမန် Yemane
Chinese (simplified): 云南石梓
Chinese (traditional): 雲南石梓 - 印度石梓
English: Kashmir tree, Gamhar, Beechwood, Goomar teak, White teak
Finnish: Intianjemane
Gujarati: Shevan
Hindi: गमरी - गम्हार - गुमड़ी - गंभरी - भद्रपर्णी Gamari, Gamhar, Gumadi, Gambhari, Bhadraparni
Indonesian: Jati putih
Kannada: Shivani, Shivane, Seevanni, Kooli, Kumati, Kumbadi, Hucchunarave,
Kumbale, Gamaari, Kaashmiri mara, Shivanimara
Khasi: Dieng lophiang
Konkani: Sirni, Shivan, Sini
Malayalam: Kumbil, Kumizh, Kumpil
Manipuri: Wang
Marathi: Sivan, Shivan, Thorshivani
Mizo: Thlanvawng
Naga: Imbeh ching
Nepali: कामारी Kamari
Oriya: Bhodropornni, Butalo, Thlanvawng
Punjabi: Gumhar
Sanskrit: Gambharee, Gambhari, Madhumatee, Kashmaree, Kashmiri, Sarvatobhadraa, Madhuparnikaa, Bhadraparnee, Sriparnee, Kumudaa, Sindhuparni, Sindhuveshanam, Stulatvacha
Sinhala: කුමලාමරම් Kumalāmaram
Tamil: குமளமரம் - குமுதை - கும்பல் - பெரு-ன்-குமில் Kumalaamaram, Kumutai, Kumpal, Peru-n-kumil
Tangkhul: Edanthing
Telugu: Peddagumudutekku, Pedda gumudu teku
Aryo Bandoro
Dlium TheDlium
Web: https://www.dlium.com
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Dlium