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BLOG - In January 2019, after quitting my job, I started a long journey as an effort to glorify my curiosity about life until today. The phenomena that occur in the wild have been a special awe that has driven me to find out for a long time. That dream finally came true. I documented various creatures every millimeter from mushrooms, mammals, trees to human culture and behavior. I poured out the documentation on Dlium.com in the form of writing and uploaded it on Youtube in the form of videos. THE BEGINNING In November 2018, my father finally passed away after being ill for years. He was a very important person I ever had considering that I had never seen my mother since I was 6 years old. That same month, after all the activities related to my father's death were finished, I bought a new Honda Revo X 110 motorbike, Sony Handycam cx405, HP Laptop AMD Ryzen 3 2200U processor with Radeon Vega Mobile Gfx and Infinix Hot 10 Play Mobile Phone. In the end, I sold the motorbike and bo...

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - Genus Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. has more than 70 recorded species of which breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) and breadnut ( Artocarpus camansi Blanco) grow in tropical areas, both species are medium to large trees and have many similarities. Some researchers doubt both nomenclatures. I agree that both species should be one species. A. altilis is the domesticated version and widely cultivated in its history, while A. camansi is the original or wild version and has never undergone domestication in history. Both species have overall similarities including the shape and size of habitus, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit. The only differences are in the skin of the fruit and the size of the seeds as an impact of human cultural selection. A. altilis has fruit with a pericarp in the form of small and short thorns, while the number of seeds is small and small in size. A. camansi has fruit with a pericarp in the form of larger and long...

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - The genus nightshades ( Solanum L.) has hundreds of recorded species and grows widely throughout the world. Two species that are often confused are twoleaf nightshade ( Solanum diphyllum L.) and Jerusalem cherry ( Solanum pseudocapsicum L.). Both are upright shrubs and have many similarities. S. diphyllum has smaller fruit, while S. pseudocapsicum has larger fruit. The key characteristic to distinguish the two is leaf size. Here is a key to identifying the two species. S. diphyllum has multiple fruits in a cluster. The fruits have a maximum size of 10 mm and short sepals. S. pseudocapsicum has solitary fruits. The fruits have a size of up to 15 mm and large sepals. By Aryo Bandoro Founder of Dlium.com . You can follow him on X: @Abandoro . Read more: Solanum diphyllum Solanum pseudocapsicum

Sandy-leafed fig ( Ficus heteropleura ) is a species of plant in the Moraceae, shrub, woody, small branches, green bark with brown nodules, grows on rocks, clay, limestone in forests, agricultural land, roadsides , water channels and drought resistant. F. heteropleura has oval-shaped leaves, up to 25 cm long, up to 12 cm wide, a vein in the middle with several lateral veins, the upper side is shiny green, the lower side is rough, the tip has an elongated pointed tail. Petiole 1-2 cm, red or brown and hairy. Fruits grow in the leaf axils on shoots with normal leaves, in pairs or solitary, round, 1-2 cm, thick short hairs, and 1 cm stalks. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Ficeae Genus: Ficus Species: Ficus heteropleura

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - To date, there are hundreds of species of flatbeans ( Dalbergia L.f.) and they grow widely throughout the world. The two most documented species are Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Both are large trees and have many similarities. D. latifolia has a darker trunk, harder and heavier wood, while D. sissoo has a lighter trunk, softer and lighter wood. The key characteristic to distinguish the two is the shape of the leaves. Here is the identification key for the two species. D. latifolia has a stalk length of about 25 cm and 7-8 leaflets. The leaflets have rounded or emarginate or retuse tips, about 11 cm long and about 9 cm wide. D. sissoo has a stalk length of about 10 cm and 4-5 leaflets. The leaflets have caudate or cuspidate or aristate tips, about 8 cm long and about 5.5 cm wide. By Aryo Bandoro Founder of Dlium.com . You can follow him on X: @Abandoro . Read more: Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia sissoo

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - To date, mahogany ( Swietenia Jacq.) is recorded as having four species: West Indian mahogany or small-leaved mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.), big-leaf mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King), Honduran mahogany ( Swietenia humilis Zucc.) and Swietenia × aubrevilleana Stehlé & Cusin. The debate over the number of taxa in the genus is still not resolved. Some researchers believe that there are only two species: S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla . I agree with that opinion and the two species can only be differentiated by the size of the leaves. All species in this genus have similar morphology except for leaf size. The following is the key to identifying these two species. S. mahagoni has a stalk length of around 37 cm with 5-6 pairs of strands. The strands are about 10 cm long and about 3.5 cm wide. S. macrophylla has a stalk length of up to 45 cm with 4-5 pairs of strands. The strands are up to 31 cm long and up to 8 cm wide. By Aryo Bando...

Sacred ardisia ( Ardisia lurida ) is a plant species in the Primulaceae, shrubby, woody, up to 1 meter high, often with a single stem, branched, elongated leaves, dark green, thick, up to 17 cm long, up to 6 cm wide, thick, flat edge, pointed tip, a pulse in the middle and a 1 cm stem. A. lurida has round, shiny berries, about 1 cm in diameter, young are red, old are black and the stalk is 1-2 cm. Clusters of berries appear in the leaf axils, are erect and 1-3 cm long. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Ericales Family: Primulaceae Subfamily: Myrsinoideae Genus: Ardisia Species: Ardisia lurida

OPINION - As a Wallacean and Darwinian, I have always viewed life from the perspective of evolutionism. I see the world of plants and animals always using evolutionary theories. How a species develops functional organs, forms morphology, adapts to ecosystems and so on as a natural laws. This perspective ultimately forms my framework for thinking about various things, including the way I see myself, everyday problems and the way I think about big things such as economics, geopolitics, war and so on using an evolutionary perspective. Alfred Russel Wallace, Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck are three great figures who really inspired me. They are well known as pioneers of evolutionary theories. They start from small things in the sub-subject of biology, although they also discuss geology and so on. Wallace focused on species adaptation and Darwin on sexual selection. Both developed evolutionary thinking using observational methods. Lamarck focused on structural morphology using l...

Malayan urn vine ( Dischidia major ) is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae, grows vines, twines around tree branches and trunks, roots penetrate rotting wood and humus, circular succulent leaves up to 3 cm wide. The hollow pouch is elongated and up to 12 cm long. The sac is filled with many stomata on the inner surface and has an opening at the upper end near the stalk. Organic debris and rainwater may be supplemented with secreted fluids to accumulate in the cavity of the bag and over time provide a source of nutrients that the plant uses by growing roots indoors. The main flower is yellow and striped with green. The fruit consists of a pair of horn-shaped follicles. The seeds have fine hairs at one end. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae Tribe: Marsdenieae Genus: Dischidia Species: Dischidia major

SPECIES HEAD TO HEAD - More than 850 species in the genus figs ( Ficus ) have been documented, ranging from large trees to climbing herbs, and to date there are still many species that have not been comprehensively described. Many of them are confused considering what they have in common at first glance. Two species that have similarities and are often confused are sacred fig or Ficus religiosa L and mock bodh tree or Ficus rumphii Blume . Below is the key to identifying these two species. F. religiosa has cordate leaf bases, while F. rumphii has attenuate leaf bases. F. religiosa has fruit with wider and thicker sepals, while F. rumphii has fruit with smaller or no sepals. Read more: Ficus religiosa Ficus rumphii By Aryo Bandoro Founder of Dlium.com . You can follow him on X: @Abandoro .

Seagrape ( Coccoloba uvifera ) is a species of plant in the Polygonaceae, small tree, branching, brown or reddish bark, almost round or heart-shaped leaves, up to 30 cm wide, thick, young leaves are red, old leaves are green and the lower side has veins - thick veins. C. uvifera produces fruit in long panicles. The fruit is round or oval, up to 2 cm long, green when young, red when ripe and becomes purplish and black. This species is wind resistant, drought tolerant, shade tolerant and very salt water tolerant. Often used to stabilize shorelines. The sap is used to color and tan leather. Wood is sometimes used as furniture, firewood and to make charcoal. The fruit can be made into jam or eaten straight from the tree. The leaves are made into tea. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Eriogonoideae Tribe: Coccolobeae Genus: Coccoloba Species: Coccoloba uvifera

False ashoka ( Monoon longifolium ) is a plant species in the Annonaceae, a small tree, evergreen, up to more than 20 meters high, symmetrical pyramidal with pendulous branches, hardwood, easy to grow and very adaptive. M. longifolium has long narrow lanceolate leaves with wavy edges, 25 cm long, 6 cm wide, copper brown pigmentation but over time becomes bright green and finally dark green. Pale green flowers resemble delicate stars. The flowering period is usually 2-3 weeks. Fruits in 10-20 pieces, round, up to 2 cm wide, green but turn purple or black when ripe. Trees are used to filter air pollution. Leaves are used for decorative decoration during festivals. Trees are easily pruned into various shapes and maintained in the required size. Flexible, straight and light rods are used in making sailing ship masts. Wood for making pencils, boxes and matches. Seed oil has anti-oxidant, anti-lipooxygenase and antimicrobial activity. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: An...

Acacia visco ( Parasenegalia visco ) is a species of plant in the Fabaceae, perennial tree, 6-25 meters high, straight, branched stem, brown and cracked bark, yellow and fragrant flowers, grows in forests, plantations, outskirts rivers and roadsides at elevations of 0-3000 meters. P. visco has leaves in clusters, long with stalks up to 50 cm, leaves in rows along the stalk, sitting opposite each other, up to 23 items, up to 6 cm long. The strands are elongated egg-shaped, 5 mm long and 1 mm wide. Flowers are white and small. Wood is used in making cupboards. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Genus: Parasenegalia Species: Parasenegalia visco

Red sandalwood ( Adenanthera microsperma ) is a species of plant in the Fabaceae, small tree, straight stem, branching, branches at the top of the tree, reddish brown bark, grows in forests, agricultural land and roadsides. A. microsperma has pinnate leaves, in pairs, up to 6 pairs, about 60 cm long. Single leaves are up to 22 cm long, have up to 17 leaves. The strands sit alternately, have short stalks, are oval in shape, up to 5 cm long, up to 2 cm wide. Flowers in panicles. The fruit is a pod, green to black in color, opening when ripe. Seeds are red, round, slightly flat, shiny, about 1 cm wide. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Tribe: Mimoseae Genus: Adenanthera Species: Adenanthera microsperma

Sacred fig ( Ficus religiosa ) is a species of plant in the Moraceae, a large tree, up to 30 meters high, trunk diameter up to 3 meters, heart-shaped leaves with elongated drop tips, up to 30 cm long, up to 20 cm wide and leaf stalks up to 10 cm long. F. religiosa has small fruit 1-1.5 cm wide, green, purple to black when ripe. Strong trunks submerged in floodwaters. This species grows at elevations of 10-1500 meters, temperatures from 0-35, various types of soil to rock crevices, but prefers alluvial sandy loam soil. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Ficeae Genus: Ficus Species: Ficus religiosa

Mock bodh tree ( Ficus rumphii ) is a species of plant in the Moraceae, a large tree, grows up to 20 meters, epiphytic if the seeds fall on another tree, the wood has a grayish white color, emits white sap, the leaves are round with a sharp tip, red in color when young and dark green when old. F. rumphii only produces female flowers or only male flowers. Flowers are often pollinated by wasps. The fruit is round and has no stalk. Young fruit is green with white spots, old fruit is black, contains many seeds and has a sweet taste. The fruit is very popular with birds and bats. This tree can be used as a shade tree. This species is also popular as Bonsai. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Ficeae Genus: Ficus Species: Ficus rumphii

Cedar of Goa or Cupressus lusitanica ( Hesperocyparis lusitanica ) is a species of plant in the Cupressaceae, a coniferous tree, evergreen, crown conical to ovoid, upright, straight, branched, up to 40 meters high, leaves grow radially and are dark green to greenish yellow in color . H. lusitanica has round to oval fruit, up to 2 cm wide, with 4-10 scales, initially green, matures brown or brownish gray about 25 months after pollination. The fruit opens at maturity to release seeds or remains closed for several years, only opening after the parent tree dies in a forest fire, so that the seeds can colonize bare ground affected by the fire. Male fruit releases pollen. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Cupressaceae Subfamily: Cupressoideae Genus: Hesperocyparis Species: Hesperocyparis lusitanica

Widodaren or ijen edelweiss ( Anaphalis viscida ) is a plant species in the Asteraceae, herbaceous, everlasting, upright, has white hairs, branching, cylindrical, the stem and lower branches are bare, the twigs have gray-white leaves, drooping and grow in tropical mountains. A. viscida has leaves sitting spirally around the stem. Leaves are narrow ribbon-shaped, green, sharp tip, flat edge, up to 11 cm long, up to 1 cm wide, smooth surface resembling velvet and powdery or white-haired. Many compound flowers with a close arrangement. The crown is white and yellow, like cotton and is located in a panicle in the form of branching grains. Pollination is assisted by wind and insects. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Subfamily: Asteroideae Tribe: Gnaphalieae Subtribe: Gnaphaliinae Genus: Anaphalis Species: Anaphalis viscida